BBC : Πόσο δεξιό είναι το κόμα AfD, Εναλλακτική για τη Gερμανία ;

The nationalist Alternative for Germany (AfD) has entered parliament in Germany for the first time, winning 12.6% of the vote and more than 90 seats.Founded in 2013 as an anti-euro party, it has dramatically shifted its focus to immigration and Islam and is increasingly seen as far-right in tone.

Is it far-right?

Leading AfD figures have made extremist statements before and during the 2017 election campaign, prompting many to ask how far right they are.Since the vote, Alexander Gauland has talked of fighting an «invasion of foreigners» and their campaign openly focused on Islam and migration. Some of their rhetoric has been tinged with Nazi overtones.

Image copyrightGETTY IMAGESImage captionAn AfD election poster in Berlin says «Stop Islamisation»

They sit in the same political family as France’s far-right National Front and Austria’s far-right Freedom party - as well as the populist, anti-Islam Dutch Freedom party of Geert Wilders. Nigel Farage, former leader of the UK’s anti-EU party UKIP, took part in their election campaign.

AfD started out as an anti-euro party and still has a relatively moderate wing, so almost a million of its new voters have come from the centre-right CDU, and half a million from the centre-left SPD.

So they are best described as right-wing populist and nationalist with increasingly strong links to far-right attitudes. They are still some way from the extremism of Germany’s NPD, seen by many as a neo-Nazi group.

AfD has only existed for four years and its leadership has gone through regular, turbulent changes. Its best known figures are currently Alice Weidel and Alexander Gauland. Frauke Petry was its most recognisable face, although she has apparently decided to go independent because of an internal party spat.

Image captionAfD’s lead candidates: management consultant Alice Weidel and lawyer Alexander Gauland

Alice Weidel is a 38-year-old economist who lives in Switzerland with a woman adopted as a child from Sri Lanka and their two children.She is one of a small number of women in prominent positions in AfD and argues that her presence as one of its top candidates proves the party is not homophobic.

Alexander Gauland, a 76-year old lawyer, has made a number of remarks condemned as racist, including one on footballer Jérôme Boateng, who was born in Berlin to a Ghanaian father: «They like him as a football player. But they don’t want to have a Boateng as their neighbour.»

German fury at Holocaust memorial remark

Image captionBeatrix Von Storch says AfD’s success will change Germany’s political system

One of AfD’s most significant figures is eastern Germany is Björn Höcke, and many of its new MPs are linked to him. Party leader in the state of Thuringia, he has been behind some of its biggest controversies. He once called the Holocaust memorial in Berlin a «monument of shame». AfD moved to expel him but apparently changed its mind.

Beatrix Von Storch, AfD deputy chair, welcomed the UK’s 2016 vote to leave the EU as «Independence Day for Great Britain». She has vowed to start debates on migration, Islam and the EU.

Jörg Meuthen,another co-leader, is seen as a relative moderate. After the election result on Sunday he insisted AfD did not accept racism or xenophobia but in the same breath complained that «in some German cities, I struggle to find Germans on the streets».

Fighting mass immigration

AfD’s big success has been in challenging Angela Merkel’s decision to let in around 1.3 million undocumented migrants and refugees, mainly from the Middle East, since 2015.They have tapped into anxieties over the influence of Islam. The party wants a commission set up to investigate the chancellors’ «breaches of the law» in allowing them in.

When the numbers of migrants arriving in Germany surged in 2014-2015, AfD made that the focus of its party platform. There were contacts with the anti-immigration Pegida movement, which staged weekly marches against what it called «the Islamisation of the West».

Pegida took hold mainly in eastern cities such as Dresden, and it is in the ex-communist east that AfD has had its biggest successes, attracting more men than any other party. Odd perhaps, in that the biggest concentrations of immigrants are not in those areas.

Media captionThe moment a famous refugee meets an AfD supporter

AfD adopted some of Pegida’s anti-establishment rhetoric, such as the slogan «Lügenpresse» («lying press»), which has echoes of the Nazi era.

Germany must reintroduce permanent border controls and the EU’s external borders must be «completely shut», AfD says. That position contradicts Schengen - the EU’s free movement zone, covering most of Europe, where border checks are generally minimal.

AfD argues that Germany must set up a new border police force. Frauke Petry, who has been elected for AfD but has now said she will serve as an independent, once said German police should «if necessary» shoot at migrants seeking to enter the country illegally. And she was seen as an AfD moderate.

Image captionPegida - seen here in Leipzig - fuelled opposition to Islam and the Merkel «open-door» policy on migrants

AfD wants an end to asylum seekers bringing family members over to join them in Germany. It says a system designed to help individual refugees is being exploited by unskilled migrants, many of whom struggle to integrate with Germans.

• Why Germany’s election matters

Challenging Islam as ‘not German’

AfD adopted an explicitly anti-Islam policy in May 2016 and its election manifesto (in German) had a section on why «Islam does not belong to Germany». «Burkas? We like bikinis,» read one of its most garish posters.

Media captionIs Germany’s AfD racist?

AfD would ban foreign funding of mosques in Germany, ban the burka (full-body veil) and the Muslim call to prayer, and put all imams through a state vetting procedure.»Moderate» Muslims who accept integration are «valued members of society», the programme says. But it argues that multiculturalism does not work.

An estimated three million people of Turkish origin live in Germany, most of them Muslims. AfD rejects as «degrading» the EU’s controversial 2016 deal with Turkey, aimed at stopping the influx of migrants via the Balkans.

Using nationalist rhetoric

AfD has also built its success on challenging taboos and flirting with racism. Ahead of the election Alexander Gauland stirred controversy by saying the government’s top integration official, Aydan Özoguz, could be «disposed of in Anatolia». Ms Özoguz is a German of Turkish origin.

Mr Gauland also drew criticism for declaring that Germans should be «proud» of their soldiers in both world wars. While SS units were notorious for German atrocities in World War Two, the regular armed forces also committed many war crimes.

Another top AfD politician, Björn Höcke, caused outrage months before by condemning the Holocaust memorial in Berlin. He told supporters that Germans were the «only people in the world who planted a memorial of shame in the heart of their capital».

Frauke Petry has tried to end the taboo on the Nazi-era term völkisch, which comes from the German word for people but was hijacked by the Nazis to define those they saw as belonging to the German race.

• German storm over ‘pride in WW2’ remarks

• German fury at Holocaust memorial remark

Against the euro

AfD has come a long way since it was launched in early 2013 to challenge eurozone bailouts in Greece and elsewhere and reject the EU’s arguments for keeping the euro.It still promises to abandon the euro and reintroduce the Deutschmark.

The party’s first leader, Bernd Lucke, left AfD in 2015, arguing that it was becoming increasingly xenophobic.Its anti-euro policy echoes the Euroscepticism of other populist parties in Europe. More powers must return to the nation states, AfD says, opposing all «centralising» moves in the EU, and anything that smacks of Euro-federalism.If the EU fails to reform and continues centralising, AfD says, the party will seek to pull Germany out of the EU.